The second (Valdai) terrace of the Volga Valley is older than any of the terraces of the Western Dvina Valley. The number of terraces varies even in different parts of the same valley. This is especially true for rivers crossing glaciation zones. Beyond the edge of the ice, the river continued its creative activity only beyond the ice sheet. Terraces did not form under the ice. Therefore, the Dnieper and Moscow terraces are absent in the valleys of the Upper Volga and the Byelorussian Dnieper; they originate below the river crossing of the glaciation boundary. Only the Valdai terrace and the floodplain can be traced throughout the valleys. In some parts of the valley, the post-Valdai terrace did not have time to form. Therefore, the relative position of the terraces is variable and terraces having the same number in different transverse profiles are not always of the same age. The time of formation of the terrace surface is determined by the age of the alluvium of the surface layers. Therefore, the names of the first, second, third, and third terraces were replaced by the age names of the terraces. To determine the age of the terraces, it is of great importance to establish the cyclicity of the riverbed process. On the Russian plain, the lower Quaternary alluvium performs the talvegs of the buried valleys. The accumulation of alluvium continued during the Middle Pleistocene. All terraces of the high complex are built of Middle Pleistocene sediments.


The ledge separating them from the terraces of the low complex stands out sharply from the other ledges between the terraces of the same valley. The beginning of the formation of the terraced steps of the low complex dates back to the Valdai glaciation epoch. This conclusion is extremely important for geologists involved in determining the age of alluvium. The latter was often determined by the number of the terrace, i.e. quite formally. In fact, the structure of the terraces is difficult. As a rule, the alluvium composing the basement of terraces has a more ancient, longitudinally variable age than the alluvium composing the surface of the terrace. Geomorphological indicators of the age of the alluvium are the cyclic ledge, which clearly separates the Middle Pleistocene terraces from the younger ones, and the specific structure of the Valdai terrace. The most remarkable formation in the river valleys, both in its appearance and economic significance, is a modern terrace, or floodplain. Floodplain — from the word abundance. Thawed spring waters annually cover vast riverine areas. Gathering in rivulets in the fields, taking with them particles of fertile soil humus, meltwater fills streams, rivers, and enters large rivers. Registration bonuses are designed to help new users start with additional value and explore the platform’s features at their own pace. These offers often include extra balance and are available only once. When a 1xbet free bet promo code india is entered during sign-up, the player can obtain a 100% bonus up to €130, increasing their initial funds and improving their starting position.